Atrial Septal Defect: To Close or Not To Close?
Definition & Incidence
Historical Note
Types of Atrial Septal Defect
Normal Intraatrial Anatomy
Variants of ASD
Associated Cardiac Anomalies in Patients with ASD*
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Chest Radiography
Electrocardiography & Echocardiography
Echocardiography
Cardiac Catheterization
Survival
Impact of NonClosure of ASD on Survival
Pulmonary Hypertension
Impact of Age on Mortality after Surgical Closure of ASD
Functional Status
Spontaneous Closure
Supraventricular Arrhythmias
Indications for Closure
Postoperative Care
Technical Pitfalls
Results of Surgical Repair
Special Situations and Controversies
Closure of ASD by Percutaneous Techniques
Need for Cold Cardioplegic Myocardial Protection
Direct Suture versus Patch Repair
Patch Material in Atrial Septum
Repair in Presence of Increased Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Summary
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